In many parts of California, homeowners located in brush areas, hillside communities, canyon properties, and high wildfire exposure zones are experiencing a dramatically different insurance market than they did just a few years ago.
Major insurance carriers have reduced or completely stopped writing new homeowners policies in many wildfire-exposed regions of the state. As a result, property owners who live in these higher-risk areas often find that their traditional insurance options are limited.
For many homeowners in wildfire-exposed areas, there are two primary insurance solutions available today:
The California FAIR Plan combined with a Difference in Conditions (DIC) policy
Coverage through Non-Admitted (Surplus Lines) Insurance Companies
Both options can provide insurance protection, but they operate differently and homeowners should understand how each works before selecting coverage.
This article explains these two common insurance structures and highlights important factors homeowners should consider—especially replacement cost values and coverage responsibilities.
Why Homes in Brush Areas Face Insurance Challenges
California’s wildfire risk has increased significantly over the past decade due to several factors, including:
• Extended drought conditions
• Increased vegetation and brush density
• Expansion of homes into wildland-urban interface areas
• Rising rebuilding costs after large catastrophic fires
Insurance companies rely heavily on risk modeling and wildfire exposure maps when determining which homes they are willing to insure. When properties fall into high wildfire hazard zones, insurers often:
• Decline new business
• Non-renew existing policies
• Require higher deductibles
• Restrict coverage options
When homeowners can no longer obtain insurance from traditional admitted insurance companies, they typically must turn to alternative insurance markets.
Option 1: California FAIR Plan + Difference in Conditions Policy
One of the most common insurance solutions for wildfire-exposed homes is a combination of:
California FAIR Plan (fire coverage)
plus
A Difference in Conditions (DIC) policy
Together, these two policies can provide protection similar to a traditional homeowners insurance policy.
What Is the California FAIR Plan?
The California FAIR Plan was created to provide basic property insurance for homeowners who cannot obtain coverage in the private insurance market.
It is commonly referred to as the “insurer of last resort.”
The FAIR Plan is not designed to be a full homeowners policy. Instead, it provides limited fire insurance protection so that homeowners still have access to coverage when traditional insurers decline the risk.
FAIR Plan policies are generally named-peril policies, meaning they cover specific causes of loss listed in the policy.
Typical FAIR Plan coverage includes:
• Fire
• Wildfire
• Smoke damage
• Lightning
• Internal explosion
This coverage protects the structure from fire-related losses, which is the primary concern in high wildfire risk areas.
Limitations of the FAIR Plan
While the FAIR Plan provides critical fire coverage, it does not provide the full protection of a standard homeowners insurance policy.
Coverage gaps may include:
• Personal liability protection
• Water damage coverage
• Theft or vandalism
• Personal property coverage limitations
• Additional living expenses in some situations
Because of these gaps, most homeowners combine the FAIR Plan with a Difference in Conditions policy.
What Is a Difference in Conditions (DIC) Policy?
A Difference in Conditions policy acts as a companion policy that fills in the coverage gaps left by the FAIR Plan.
The DIC policy essentially restores many of the protections normally found in a traditional homeowners insurance policy.
Common coverages provided by a DIC policy may include:
• Personal liability coverage
• Theft and vandalism protection
• Water damage coverage
• Loss of use / additional living expenses
• Broader “all risk” protection for the dwelling
• Personal property coverage
When combined together, the FAIR Plan and the DIC policy work as a two-policy structure that provides more comprehensive protection.
However, homeowners should understand that claims may involve two separate insurance carriers, depending on the cause of the loss.
Option 2: Non-Admitted Insurance Companies
The second common option for homes located in wildfire-exposed areas is coverage through non-admitted insurance companies, also known as surplus lines insurers.
These insurers operate outside the traditional admitted insurance market and specialize in insuring risks that standard insurance companies may decline.
What Are Non-Admitted Insurance Carriers?
Non-admitted insurance carriers are companies that are not filed with the state in the same way as admitted insurers. This allows them more flexibility in underwriting complex or higher-risk properties.
They are commonly used for:
• High wildfire exposure homes
• Unique or custom properties
• Luxury homes with complex construction
• Homes located in remote or rural areas
• Properties that traditional insurers will not write
These policies are typically placed through licensed insurance brokers who have access to surplus lines markets.
Advantages of Non-Admitted Insurance
For homeowners in wildfire zones, non-admitted insurance can sometimes offer advantages over the FAIR Plan structure.
Potential benefits include:
• A single policy structure rather than two policies
• Broader coverage options in some cases
• Custom underwriting for unique homes
• Flexibility in property characteristics
Some non-admitted policies may more closely resemble traditional homeowners coverage depending on the insurer and policy form.
Potential Drawbacks
However, non-admitted policies may also have characteristics homeowners should understand:
• Premiums may be higher due to wildfire risk
• Deductibles may be larger
• Some policies may include wildfire-specific deductibles
• Policy forms can vary between insurers
Because coverage terms can differ significantly between surplus lines carriers, it is important to carefully review the details of the policy.
Replacement Cost Value: One of the Most Important Coverage Decisions
Regardless of which insurance structure is used, one of the most important aspects of homeowners insurance is determining the correct replacement cost value for the property.
Replacement cost represents the estimated cost to rebuild the home using similar materials and construction standards at today’s labor and material prices.
This value should account for factors such as:
• Construction labor costs
• Building materials
• Contractor overhead and profit
• Debris removal after a loss
• Architectural complexity
• Local building code upgrades
In wildfire-prone areas, rebuilding costs can increase significantly after major catastrophic events due to contractor shortages and supply chain issues.
Understanding the Insured’s Responsibility
A common misunderstanding among homeowners is that insurance companies determine the correct coverage limits for their property.
In reality, most insurance policies place the responsibility of selecting the appropriate coverage limits on the insured property owner.
Insurance companies and brokers may provide tools such as replacement cost estimators or rebuilding calculators to help estimate the cost of reconstruction.
However, these tools are only estimates, and the homeowner ultimately chooses the amount of coverage purchased.
This means property owners should carefully review their policy limits and ensure that the dwelling coverage reflects an accurate rebuilding estimate.
If a home is underinsured and suffers a major loss, the homeowner may be responsible for the difference between the policy limit and the actual cost to rebuild.
Other Important Coverage Considerations
When evaluating insurance for homes in wildfire-exposed areas, homeowners should also review several additional coverage features.
Extended Replacement Cost
Some policies offer extended replacement cost coverage, which provides additional coverage above the policy limit if rebuilding costs exceed the original estimate.
This can be especially important in wildfire areas where rebuilding costs may increase rapidly after a disaster.
Ordinance or Law Coverage
After a major loss, rebuilding a home may require compliance with updated building codes.
Ordinance or law coverage helps pay for these additional costs associated with code upgrades.
Wildfire Deductibles
Some insurance policies apply special deductibles specifically for wildfire losses. These deductibles may be higher than the standard policy deductible.
Loss of Use Coverage
Loss of use coverage helps pay for temporary housing if the home becomes uninhabitable after a covered loss.
In areas where rebuilding may take a year or more, adequate loss of use coverage can be very important.
Property Maintenance and Defensible Space
Insurance companies may require homeowners to maintain certain property conditions to reduce wildfire risk.
Examples may include:
• Vegetation clearance around structures
• Removal of dead brush
• Fire-resistant roofing materials
• Proper spacing between trees and structures
Failure to maintain defensible space requirements may impact eligibility for coverage.
Comparing the Two Common Insurance Structures
Homeowners in wildfire-exposed areas typically choose between the following structures:
FAIR Plan + DIC Policy
• Two separate policies
• FAIR Plan covers fire exposure
• DIC policy fills in coverage gaps
• Often used when other markets decline the risk
Non-Admitted Insurance Carrier
• One policy structure
• Specialty insurers designed for higher-risk properties
• Flexible underwriting
• May provide broader coverage depending on the policy
Both options can provide important protection for homeowners when traditional insurance companies will not insure the property.
Final Thoughts
The homeowners insurance market in California has changed significantly due to wildfire exposure. Many homeowners in brush areas or wildfire hazard zones now rely on either:
• California FAIR Plan combined with a Difference in Conditions policy, or
• Coverage through non-admitted surplus lines insurance companies
Each structure has advantages and limitations, and coverage details can vary depending on the property and the insurer.
One of the most important responsibilities homeowners have when purchasing insurance is ensuring the home is insured to an appropriate replacement cost value. Insurance brokers and carriers can provide estimates and guidance, but the homeowner ultimately selects the coverage limits that protect the property.
Carefully reviewing policy limits, coverage options, and rebuilding cost estimates can help ensure the home is properly protected in the event of a wildfire or other catastrophic loss.